Emotional abuse is the most common type of child abuse. Though it accompanies physical and sexual abuse, it can happen independently as well. Ĭhild Abuse, Neglect, and Human TraffickingĮmotional and verbal abuse- Emotional abuse is abuse that affects a child psychologically and socially. Many of the same factors (namely, whether or not the trauma is long-term or repeated, interpersonal, severe, happening to a child, or happening to a severely dissociative individual) also make one more vulnerable to developing complex-posttraumatic stress disorder instead of posttraumatic stress disorder (van der Kolk, 2001) 7. Children who have insecure or disorganized attachment with caregivers are more at risk for identity confusion, dissociative disorders, borderline personality disorder (Gonzalez, Gonzalez, & Van der Hart, 2012) 5, and reactive attachment disorder (Bremness, 2003) 6. Other significant factors in the impact of trauma and development of DID include the age of the child, the severity of the trauma, what additional traumas or stressors are present in the child's life, how naturally dissociative the child is, and the child's relationship with their caregivers (Spring, 2012) 4. A leading researcher on betrayal traumas is Jennifer J. Betrayal traumas are in general more likely to cause “betrayal blindness,” or repressed/dissociated memories, than non-betrayal traumas are (Freyd, 2014) 2. It should be noted that self-reported betrayal has been found to predict PTSD and dissociative symptoms better than fear. In all of these cases of betrayal trauma, the victimized individual cannot acknowledge the harm being done to them or withdraw from those hurting them without risking harm or, in the case of an abused or neglected child, even death. For adults, traumas like stranger rape are not automatically betrayal traumas, but they can become such if one’s existing support system, the institution in which the rape occurred, or the legal system fails to show support or reacts in a very negative or shaming manner. Child abuse and neglect are types of betrayal trauma while natural disasters and medical procedures are not. Other forms of childhood trauma that are associated with DID include medical and surgical procedures, war, human trafficking, and terrorism (American Psychiatric Association, 2013) 1.īetrayal traumas, or traumas which involve a significant violation of trust or wellbeing by individuals or institutions that an individual relies on for survival (Freyd, 2014) 2, are more likely to lead to DID than are non-betrayal traumas (Spiegel, 2008) 3. According to the DSM-5, around 90% of individuals with DID have experienced child abuse or neglect. However, dissociative identity disorder (DID) can only be caused by repeated or long-term childhood trauma. Many types of trauma exist, including natural disaster, medical trauma, assault, bullying, abuse, domestic violence, gang violence, war, terrorism, institutional prejudice, and human trafficking.
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